refactor: Python binding bits and pieces (#3717)

This is a collection of python bindings bits that have accumulated.

Related #3502.

---

This pull request includes several updates to the `Acts` geometry and Python binding code. The most important changes involve the introduction of new enums and the addition of Python bindings for new geometry classes and methods.

### Geometry and Enum Updates:

* Added `Face` enum to `CylinderVolumeBounds` to describe possible faces of a cylinder volume. (`Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp`)
* Refactored `PortalShellBase` to use the `Face` enum from `CylinderVolumeBounds` instead of defining its own. (`Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp`)

### Python Bindings Enhancements:

* Added new binning values to the `addBinning` function in `Base.cpp`. (`Examples/Python/src/Base.cpp`)
* Extended `addGeometry` function to include new methods and enums for `CylinderVolumeBounds` and `ExtentEnvelope`. (`Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp`) [[1]](diffhunk://#diff-a103b5682fb7c6e7ea58777983e4381b62783b2facd3e367e03ff0a7aa49816dL181-R213) [[2]](diffhunk://#diff-a103b5682fb7c6e7ea58777983e4381b62783b2facd3e367e03ff0a7aa49816dL212-R303)
* Introduced Python bindings for `CylinderVolumeStack` and its enums `AttachmentStrategy` and `ResizeStrategy`. (`Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp`)

### Code Cleanup:

* Removed redundant includes and updated include paths to reflect new dependencies. (`Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp`, `Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp`) [[1]](diffhunk://#diff-80595cf723b4c4b0a2cf3de28ac0da38793f2955a2e0ce1dc4fd87381fac79aeL11-R11) [[2]](diffhunk://#diff-a103b5682fb7c6e7ea58777983e4381b62783b2facd3e367e03ff0a7aa49816dR40) [[3]](diffhunk://#diff-a103b5682fb7c6e7ea58777983e4381b62783b2facd3e367e03ff0a7aa49816dR51)

These changes improve the modularity and functionality of the geometry components and enhance the Python interface for better usability.

Core/include/Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Geometry/BoundarySurfaceFace.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/Volume.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/VolumeBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
@@ -80,6 +81,18 @@ class CylinderVolumeBounds : public VolumeBounds {
     eSize
   };
 
+  /// Enum describing the possible faces of a cylinder volume
+  /// @note These values are synchronized with the BoundarySurfaceFace enum.
+  ///       Once Gen1 is removed, this can be changed.
+  enum class Face : unsigned int {
+    PositiveDisc = BoundarySurfaceFace::positiveFaceXY,
+    NegativeDisc = BoundarySurfaceFace::negativeFaceXY,
+    OuterCylinder = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeOuterCover,
+    InnerCylinder = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeInnerCover,
+    NegativePhiPlane = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeSectorNegativePhi,
+    PositivePhiPlane = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeSectorPositivePhi
+  };
+
   CylinderVolumeBounds() = delete;
 
   /// Constructor

Core/include/Acts/Geometry/PortalShell.hpp

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/Geometry/BoundarySurfaceFace.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 
@@ -68,19 +68,9 @@ class PortalShellBase {
 /// volumes
 class CylinderPortalShell : public PortalShellBase {
  public:
-  /// Enum describing the possible faces of a cylinder portal shell
-  /// @note These values are synchronized with the BoundarySurfaceFace enum.
-  ///       Once Gen1 is removed, this can be changed.
-  enum class Face : unsigned int {
-    PositiveDisc = BoundarySurfaceFace::positiveFaceXY,
-    NegativeDisc = BoundarySurfaceFace::negativeFaceXY,
-    OuterCylinder = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeOuterCover,
-    InnerCylinder = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeInnerCover,
-    NegativePhiPlane = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeSectorNegativePhi,
-    PositivePhiPlane = BoundarySurfaceFace::tubeSectorPositivePhi
-  };
-
-  using enum Face;
+  using Face = CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
+
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
 
   /// Retrieve the portal associated to the given face. Can be nullptr if unset.
   /// @param face The face to retrieve the portal for

Core/src/Geometry/PortalShell.cpp

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ std::string CylinderStackPortalShell::label() const {
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CylinderPortalShell::Face face) {
   switch (face) {
-    using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+    using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
     case PositiveDisc:
       return os << "PositiveDisc";
     case NegativeDisc:

Examples/Python/src/Base.cpp

@@ -364,12 +364,16 @@ void addBinning(Context& ctx) {
                           .value("binY", Acts::BinningValue::binY)
                           .value("binZ", Acts::BinningValue::binZ)
                           .value("binR", Acts::BinningValue::binR)
-                          .value("binPhi", Acts::BinningValue::binPhi);
+                          .value("binPhi", Acts::BinningValue::binPhi)
+                          .value("binRPhi", Acts::BinningValue::binRPhi)
+                          .value("binH", Acts::BinningValue::binH)
+                          .value("binEta", Acts::BinningValue::binEta)
+                          .value("binMag", Acts::BinningValue::binMag);
 
   auto boundaryType = py::enum_<Acts::AxisBoundaryType>(m, "AxisBoundaryType")
-                          .value("bound", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound)
-                          .value("closed", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed)
-                          .value("open", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Open);
+                          .value("Bound", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Bound)
+                          .value("Closed", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Closed)
+                          .value("Open", Acts::AxisBoundaryType::Open);
 
   auto axisType = py::enum_<Acts::AxisType>(m, "AxisType")
                       .value("equidistant", Acts::AxisType::Equidistant)

Examples/Python/src/Geometry.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Detector/interface/IInternalStructureBuilder.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Detector/interface/IRootVolumeFinderBuilder.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeBounds.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Geometry/CylinderVolumeStack.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/Extent.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryHierarchyMap.hpp"
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Plugins/Python/Utilities.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/Surface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/SurfaceArray.hpp"
+#include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/RangeXD.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Visualization/ViewConfig.hpp"
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/join.hpp>
 #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
 #include <pybind11/stl.h>
 
@@ -106,7 +109,12 @@ void addGeometry(Context& ctx) {
         .def("approach", &Acts::GeometryIdentifier::approach)
         .def("sensitive", &Acts::GeometryIdentifier::sensitive)
         .def("extra", &Acts::GeometryIdentifier::extra)
-        .def("value", &Acts::GeometryIdentifier::value);
+        .def("value", &Acts::GeometryIdentifier::value)
+        .def("__str__", [](const Acts::GeometryIdentifier& self) {
+          std::stringstream ss;
+          ss << self;
+          return ss.str();
+        });
   }
 
   {
@@ -178,15 +186,31 @@ void addGeometry(Context& ctx) {
 
   {
     py::class_<Acts::VolumeBounds, std::shared_ptr<Acts::VolumeBounds>>(
-        m, "VolumeBounds");
-
-    py::class_<Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds,
-               std::shared_ptr<Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds>, Acts::VolumeBounds>(
-        m, "CylinderVolumeBounds")
-        .def(py::init<ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar,
-                      ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar>(),
-             "rmin"_a, "rmax"_a, "halfz"_a, "halfphi"_a = M_PI, "avgphi"_a = 0.,
-             "bevelMinZ"_a = 0., "bevelMaxZ"_a = 0.);
+        m, "VolumeBounds")
+        .def("type", &Acts::VolumeBounds::type)
+        .def("__str__", [](const Acts::VolumeBounds& self) {
+          std::stringstream ss;
+          ss << self;
+          return ss.str();
+        });
+
+    auto cvb =
+        py::class_<Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds,
+                   std::shared_ptr<Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds>,
+                   Acts::VolumeBounds>(m, "CylinderVolumeBounds")
+            .def(py::init<ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar,
+                          ActsScalar, ActsScalar, ActsScalar>(),
+                 "rmin"_a, "rmax"_a, "halfz"_a, "halfphi"_a = M_PI,
+                 "avgphi"_a = 0., "bevelMinZ"_a = 0., "bevelMaxZ"_a = 0.);
+
+    py::enum_<CylinderVolumeBounds::Face>(cvb, "Face")
+        .value("PositiveDisc", CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::PositiveDisc)
+        .value("NegativeDisc", CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::NegativeDisc)
+        .value("OuterCylinder", CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::OuterCylinder)
+        .value("InnerCylinder", CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::InnerCylinder)
+        .value("NegativePhiPlane", CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::NegativePhiPlane)
+        .value("PositivePhiPlane",
+               CylinderVolumeBounds::Face::PositivePhiPlane);
   }
 
   {
@@ -209,22 +233,72 @@ void addGeometry(Context& ctx) {
         }));
   }
 
+  py::class_<ExtentEnvelope>(m, "ExtentEnvelope")
+      .def(py::init<>())
+      .def(py::init<const Envelope&>())
+      .def(py::init([](Envelope x, Envelope y, Envelope z, Envelope r,
+                       Envelope phi, Envelope rPhi, Envelope h, Envelope eta,
+                       Envelope mag) {
+             return ExtentEnvelope({.x = x,
+                                    .y = y,
+                                    .z = z,
+                                    .r = r,
+                                    .phi = phi,
+                                    .rPhi = rPhi,
+                                    .h = h,
+                                    .eta = eta,
+                                    .mag = mag});
+           }),
+           py::arg("x") = zeroEnvelope, py::arg("y") = zeroEnvelope,
+           py::arg("z") = zeroEnvelope, py::arg("r") = zeroEnvelope,
+           py::arg("phi") = zeroEnvelope, py::arg("rPhi") = zeroEnvelope,
+           py::arg("h") = zeroEnvelope, py::arg("eta") = zeroEnvelope,
+           py::arg("mag") = zeroEnvelope)
+      .def_static("Zero", &ExtentEnvelope::Zero)
+      .def("__getitem__", [](ExtentEnvelope& self,
+                             BinningValue bValue) { return self[bValue]; })
+      .def("__setitem__", [](ExtentEnvelope& self, BinningValue bValue,
+                             const Envelope& value) { self[bValue] = value; })
+      .def("__str__", [](const ExtentEnvelope& self) {
+        std::array<std::string, numBinningValues()> values;
+
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        for (BinningValue val : allBinningValues()) {
+          ss << val << "=(" << self[val][0] << ", " << self[val][1] << ")";
+          values.at(toUnderlying(val)) = ss.str();
+          ss.str("");
+        }
+
+        ss.str("");
+        ss << "ExtentEnvelope(";
+        ss << boost::algorithm::join(values, ", ");
+        ss << ")";
+        return ss.str();
+      });
+
+  py::class_<Extent>(m, "Extent")
+      .def(py::init<const ExtentEnvelope&>(),
+           py::arg("envelope") = ExtentEnvelope::Zero())
+      .def("range",
+           [](const Acts::Extent& self,
+              Acts::BinningValue bval) -> std::array<ActsScalar, 2> {
+             return {self.min(bval), self.max(bval)};
+           })
+      .def("__str__", &Extent::toString);
+
   {
-    py::class_<Acts::Extent>(m, "Extent")
-        .def(py::init(
-            [](const std::vector<std::tuple<Acts::BinningValue,
-                                            std::array<Acts::ActsScalar, 2u>>>&
-                   franges) {
-              Acts::Extent extent;
-              for (const auto& [bval, frange] : franges) {
-                extent.set(bval, frange[0], frange[1]);
-              }
-              return extent;
-            }))
-        .def("range", [](const Acts::Extent& self, Acts::BinningValue bval) {
-          return std::array<Acts::ActsScalar, 2u>{self.min(bval),
-                                                  self.max(bval)};
-        });
+    auto cylStack = py::class_<CylinderVolumeStack>(m, "CylinderVolumeStack");
+
+    py::enum_<CylinderVolumeStack::AttachmentStrategy>(cylStack,
+                                                       "AttachmentStrategy")
+        .value("Gap", CylinderVolumeStack::AttachmentStrategy::Gap)
+        .value("First", CylinderVolumeStack::AttachmentStrategy::First)
+        .value("Second", CylinderVolumeStack::AttachmentStrategy::Second)
+        .value("Midpoint", CylinderVolumeStack::AttachmentStrategy::Midpoint);
+
+    py::enum_<CylinderVolumeStack::ResizeStrategy>(cylStack, "ResizeStrategy")
+        .value("Gap", CylinderVolumeStack::ResizeStrategy::Gap)
+        .value("Expand", CylinderVolumeStack::ResizeStrategy::Expand);
   }
 }
 
@@ -307,10 +381,15 @@ void addExperimentalGeometry(Context& ctx) {
     // Be able to construct a proto binning
     py::class_<ProtoBinning>(m, "ProtoBinning")
         .def(py::init<Acts::BinningValue, Acts::AxisBoundaryType,
-                      const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>&, std::size_t>())
+                      const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>&, std::size_t>(),
+             "bValue"_a, "bType"_a, "e"_a, "exp"_a = 0u)
         .def(py::init<Acts::BinningValue, Acts::AxisBoundaryType,
                       Acts::ActsScalar, Acts::ActsScalar, std::size_t,
-                      std::size_t>());
+                      std::size_t>(),
+             "bValue"_a, "bType"_a, "minE"_a, "maxE"_a, "nbins"_a, "exp"_a = 0u)
+        .def(py::init<Acts::BinningValue, Acts::AxisBoundaryType, std::size_t,
+                      std::size_t>(),
+             "bValue"_a, "bType"_a, "nbins"_a, "exp"_a = 0u);
   }
 
   {

Tests/UnitTests/Core/Geometry/PortalShellTests.cpp

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConstructionFromVolume) {
   SingleCylinderPortalShell shell1{cyl1};
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(shell1.size(), 4);
 
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
 
   const auto* pDisc = shell1.portal(PositiveDisc);
   BOOST_REQUIRE_NE(pDisc, nullptr);
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConstructionFromVolume) {
 //              inner cylinder
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PortalAssignment) {
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
   TrackingVolume vol(
       Transform3::Identity(),
       std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(30_mm, 100_mm, 100_mm));
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(PortalAssignment) {
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(CylinderStack)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ZDirection) {
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("rMin>0") {
     TrackingVolume vol1(
         Transform3{Translation3{Vector3::UnitZ() * -100_mm}},
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ZDirection) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RDirection) {
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
   BOOST_TEST_CONTEXT("rMin>0") {
     TrackingVolume vol1(
         Transform3::Identity(),
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(NestedStacks) {
       gctx, {&stack, &shell3}, BinningValue::binZ, *logger};
   BOOST_CHECK(stack2.isValid());
 
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
 
   auto lookup = [](auto& shell, CylinderPortalShell::Face face,
                    Vector3 position,
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectOuter) {
 
   SingleCylinderPortalShell shell{cyl1};
 
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
       shell.portal(OuterCylinder)->getLink(Direction::AlongNormal), nullptr);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ConnectOuter) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(RegisterInto) {
-  using enum CylinderPortalShell::Face;
+  using enum CylinderVolumeBounds::Face;
   TrackingVolume vol1(
       Transform3::Identity(),
       std::make_shared<CylinderVolumeBounds>(0_mm, 100_mm, 100_mm));